Museum exhibits and dioramas reflect the close relationship between history and medical events. The dioramas depict the treatment of injuries, wound dressing, skull trepanation and the use of medicinal herbs. Among its other exhibits, the display shows a pharmacy in a mediaeval city, illustrating the domestic life, disease diagnostics and treatments of the day.

The display reflects the development of medicine and some key medical breakthroughs – the first use of ether as a surgical anaesthetic, the first smallpox vaccine, the introduction of aseptics and antiseptics. The display also shows the result of Professor Demikhov's experiment – the double-headed dog. Another display illuminates the topic of space biology and space medicine.