The museum's main exhibition tells the story of the development of medicine. Visitors can explore a medieval monastery hospital and pharmacy, visit a medieval town created according to Professor Pauls Stradiņš's vision, and learn about the most common diseases of that time and their treatment methods.

The professionalization of 19th-century medicine and scientific breakthroughs are demonstrated through various instruments and apparatus, as well as notable individuals. A special pride of the museum is the collection of items from microbiologist and Nobel Prize laureate Ilya Mechnikov. However, the development of science is influenced not only by humans but also by animals. One of the most striking exhibits in the museum is the result of Soviet doctor Demikhov's transplantation experiment – the "two-headed dog." The museum also features a unique exhibition on Space Biology and Medicine, which allows visitors to trace human experiences in space.

The Pauls Stradiņš Medicine History Museum first opened its doors to visitors in 1961, and its collection contains more than 203,000 items.